Russian oculist; born at Goldingen, Courland, in 1839. After graduating from the University of Kharkof he worked in the laboratories of Graefe, Helmholtz, J�ger, Knapp, and Pagenstecher. In 1868 he was appointed docent at the University of Kharkof; in 1872, professor. His principal works are: "Zur Lehre von der Durch Arzneimittel Hervorgerufenen Myosis und Mydriosis," in Dubois Reymond's "Archiv f�r Physiologie," 1863; "Materialy Fiziologii Svyetooshchushcheniya," 1868; "K Lycchenii Trakhomy," 1873.