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Rome, Councils of.

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The most important are:

1. In 313, against the lapsi, and on discipline;

2. In 341, by pope Julius I and the Eastern bishops, in favor of Athanasius;

3. In 352, by Liberius, for the same object;

4. In 358, against the emperor Constans and the heretics;

5. In 364, at which were present deputies from the Council of Lampsacus;

6. In 366, at which the Macedonians adopted the Nicene Creed;

7. In 367, to examine into the charge of adultery preferred against the pope Damasus;

8. In 369, by Damasus, at which Ursinus and Valera were condemned;

9. In 372, at which Auxentius, bishop of Milan, was excommunicated;

10. In 374, by Damasus, condemning Apollinaris;

11. In 375, condemning Lucius, bishop of Alexandria;

12. In 376, against the Apollinarists and others;

13. In 380, fourth of Damasus, against the Sabellians, Arians, etc.;

14. In 400, against the Donatists;

15. In 430, against Nestorius;

16. In 444, against the Manichees;

17. In 774, giving Charlemagne power to elect the Roman pontiff, and to invest all bishops;

18. In 963, deposing pope John XII and appointing Leo VIII;

19. In 964, deposing Leo VIII;

20. In 964, restoring Leo VIII and deposing Benedict V, etc. (See LATERAN); (See VATICAN).